![]() In the following remarks, I wish to point out the distinctive features of those faculties whose morbid phenomena are designated by the above three terms, particularly the distinction between sensation and perception for the confusion existing relative to the phenomena, healthy or morbid of any faculty does and must result from that faculty in its nature and limits being badly and confusedly apprehended, and therefore requiring a further analysis and more decided definition a confusion which, relative to our subject, has led some in the present day to locate the faculty of perception, independent of sensation, in the nerves and organs of special sense (see the Annales Psychulogiques. And without entering into the physiological or psychological nature of these phenomena, I endeavoured to point out the plain, simple, and efficient characteristic, that illusions and hallucinations were the morbid phenomena of perception, the former occurring with, the latter without any external or objective cause and that delusion was the result of morbid conception. ![]() The person experiences and believes/feels that the hallucinations are real and can become fearful/paranoid if these hallucinations are believed to come from hostile people.In a former number I was led to draw attention to the distinctive meaning of illusions, hallucinations, and delusions, in consequence of the confusion manifested in the medical evidence given at a late celebrated trial, and from observing a like confusion in most of our works on mental medicine. Both can be caused by a combination of biological and psychological factors. Delusions are a type of fixed belief, while hallucinations involve false sensory experiences. While they share some similarities, there are also some key differences between the two. Further, hallucinations, which are “sensory impressions (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) that have no basis in external stimulation 1” can also lead to paranoid delusions. Delusions and hallucinations are both false beliefs or experiences. Other delusions such as nihilistic beliefs, thought withdrawal, thought insertion, delusions of control may also worsen the paranoia and therefore the persecutory delusion. Then paranoia grows into persecutory/paranoid delusion in which someone feels like another person or a group/organization is out the get them 1. In such cases, as described above, the person becomes inflexible to accepting clear evidence that is contrary to their fixed belief. Paranoia only becomes problematic when it reaches clinical proportions, meaning delusional proportions. ![]() In such cases it is not unusual to encounter the fear of people wanting to get you, even though nothing happens. Think for example walking home in the dark and a car slowly driving up next to you, or people whispering and looking at you while you walk by. Paranoia can be defined as “an unfounded or exaggerated distrust of others 3.” Paranoid individuals constantly suspect the motives of those around them, and believe that certain individuals, or people in general, are “out to get them 3.” Paranoid thoughts are not unusual and can occur in all people at one point or the other in their life.
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